2016 -- S 2561

========

LC004786

========

     STATE OF RHODE ISLAND

IN GENERAL ASSEMBLY

JANUARY SESSION, A.D. 2016

____________

A N   A C T

RELATING TO TOWNS AND CITIES - ZONING ORDINANCES

     Introduced By: Senators McCaffrey, and Lombardi

     Date Introduced: February 25, 2016

     Referred To: Senate Housing & Municipal Government

     It is enacted by the General Assembly as follows:

     SECTION 1. Section 45-24-31 of the General Laws in Chapter 45-24 entitled "Zoning

Ordinances" is hereby amended to read as follows:

     45-24-31. Definitions. -- Where words or terms used in this chapter are defined in § 45-

22.2-4, or 45-23-32, they have the meanings stated in that section. In addition, the following

words have the following meanings. Additional words and phrases may be used in developing

local ordinances under this chapter; however, the words and phrases defined in this section are

controlling in all local ordinances created under this chapter:

      (1) Abutter. - One whose property abuts, that is, adjoins at a border, boundary, or point

with no intervening land.

      (2) Accessory Dwelling Unit. - A dwelling unit: (i) rented to and occupied either by one

or more members of the family of the occupant or occupants of the principal residence; or (ii)

reserved for rental occupancy by a person or a family where the principal residence is owner

occupied, and which meets the following provisions:

      (A) In zoning districts that allow residential uses, no more than one accessory dwelling

unit may be an accessory to a single-family dwelling.

      (B) An accessory dwelling unit shall include separate cooking and sanitary facilities,

with its own legal means of ingress and egress and is a complete, separate dwelling unit. The

accessory dwelling unit shall be within or attached to the principal dwelling unit structure or

within an existing structure, such as a garage or barn, and designed so that the appearance of the

principal structure remains that of a one-family residence.

      (3) Accessory Use. - A use of land or of a building, or portion thereof, customarily

incidental and subordinate to the principal use of the land or building. An accessory use may be

restricted to the same lot as the principal use. An accessory use shall not be permitted without the

principal use to which it is related.

      (4) Aggrieved Party. - An aggrieved party, for purposes of this chapter, shall be:

      (i) Any person or persons or entity or entities who can demonstrate that their property

will be injured by a decision of any officer or agency responsible for administering the zoning

ordinance of a city or town; or

      (ii) Anyone requiring notice pursuant to this chapter.

      (5) Agricultural Land. - "Agricultural land", as defined in § 45-22.2-4.

      (6) Airport Hazard Area. - "Airport hazard area", as defined in § 1-3-2.

      (7) Applicant. - An owner or authorized agent of the owner submitting an application or

appealing an action of any official, board, or agency.

      (8) Application. - The completed form or forms and all accompanying documents,

exhibits, and fees required of an applicant by an approving authority for development review,

approval, or permitting purposes.

      (9) Buffer. - Land which is maintained in either a natural or landscaped state, and is used

to screen and/or mitigate the impacts of development on surrounding areas, properties, or rights-

of-way.

      (10) Building. - Any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or

occupancy.

      (11) Building Envelope. - The three-dimensional space within which a structure is

permitted to be built on a lot and which is defined by regulations governing building setbacks,

maximum height, and bulk; by other regulations; and/or by any combination thereof.

      (12) Building Height. - The vertical distance from grade, as determined by the

municipality, to the top of the highest point of the roof or structure. The distance may exclude

spires, chimneys, flag poles, and the like. For a vacant parcel of land, building height shall be

measured from the average existing grade elevation where the foundation of the structure is

proposed. For an existing structure, building height shall be measured from average grade taken

from the outermost four (4) corners of the existing foundation. In all cases, building height shall

be measured to the top of the highest point of the existing or proposed roof or structure. This

distance may exclude spires, chimneys, flag poles, and the like. For any property located in a

flood hazard area, the building height shall be measured from the base flood elevation where the

LC004786 - Page 2 of 10

structure is located, as shown on the official FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs).

Additionally, for any property located in a flood hazard area, where freeboard as defined in

subsection (29) of this section is being utilized, such freeboard area shall be excluded from the

building height calculation.

      (13) Cluster. - A site planning technique that concentrates buildings in specific areas on

the site to allow the remaining land to be used for recreation, common open space, and/or

preservation of environmentally, historically, culturally, or other sensitive features and/or

structures. The techniques used to concentrate buildings shall be specified in the ordinance and

may include, but are not limited to, reduction in lot areas, setback requirements, and/or bulk

requirements, with the resultant open land being devoted by deed restrictions for one or more

uses. Under cluster development there is no increase in the number of lots that would be

permitted under conventional development except where ordinance provisions include incentive

bonuses for certain types or conditions of development.

      (14) Common Ownership. - Either:

      (i) Ownership by one or more individuals or entities in any form of ownership of two (2)

or more contiguous lots; or

      (ii) Ownership by any association (ownership may also include a municipality) of one or

more lots under specific development techniques.

      (15) Community Residence. - A home or residential facility where children and/or adults

reside in a family setting and may or may not receive supervised care. This does not include

halfway houses or substance abuse treatment facilities. This does include, but is not limited, to the

following:

      (i) Whenever six (6) or fewer children or adults with retardation reside in any type of

residence in the community, as licensed by the state pursuant to chapter 24 of title 40.1. All

requirements pertaining to local zoning are waived for these community residences;

      (ii) A group home providing care or supervision, or both, to not more than eight (8)

persons with disabilities, and licensed by the state pursuant to chapter 24 of title 40.1;

      (iii) A residence for children providing care or supervision, or both, to not more than

eight (8) children including those of the care giver and licensed by the state pursuant to chapter

72.1 of title 42;

      (iv) A community transitional residence providing care or assistance, or both, to no more

than six (6) unrelated persons or no more than three (3) families, not to exceed a total of eight (8)

persons, requiring temporary financial assistance, and/or to persons who are victims of crimes,

abuse, or neglect, and who are expected to reside in that residence not less than sixty (60) days

LC004786 - Page 3 of 10

nor more than two (2) years. Residents will have access to and use of all common areas, including

eating areas and living rooms, and will receive appropriate social services for the purpose of

fostering independence, self-sufficiency, and eventual transition to a permanent living situation.

      (16) Comprehensive Plan. - The comprehensive plan adopted and approved pursuant to

chapter 22.2 of this title and to which any zoning adopted pursuant to this chapter shall be in

compliance.

      (17) Day Care -- Day Care Center. - Any other day care center which is not a family day

care home.

      (18) Day Care -- Family Day Care Home. - Any home other than the individual's home

in which day care in lieu of parental care or supervision is offered at the same time to six (6) or

less individuals who are not relatives of the care giver, but may not contain more than a total of

eight (8) individuals receiving day care.

      (19) Density, Residential. - The number of dwelling units per unit of land.

      (20) Development. - The construction, reconstruction, conversion, structural alteration,

relocation, or enlargement of any structure; any mining, excavation, landfill or land disturbance;

or any change in use, or alteration or extension of the use, of land.

      (21) Development Plan Review. - The process whereby authorized local officials review

the site plans, maps, and other documentation of a development to determine the compliance with

the stated purposes and standards of the ordinance.

      (22) District. - See "zoning use district".

      (23) Drainage System. - A system for the removal of water from land by drains, grading,

or other appropriate means. These techniques may include runoff controls to minimize erosion

and sedimentation during and after construction or development, the means for preserving surface

and groundwaters, and the prevention and/or alleviation of flooding.

      (24) Dwelling Unit. - A structure or portion of a structure providing complete,

independent living facilities for one or more persons, including permanent provisions for living,

sleeping, eating, cooking, and sanitation, and containing a separate means of ingress and egress.

      (25) Extractive Industry. - The extraction of minerals, including: solids, such as coal and

ores; liquids, such as crude petroleum; and gases, such as natural gases. The term also includes

quarrying; well operation; milling, such as crushing, screening, washing, and flotation; and other

preparation customarily done at the extraction site or as a part of the extractive activity.

      (26) Family. - A person or persons related by blood, marriage, or other legal means. See

also "Household".

      (27) Floating Zone. - An unmapped zoning district adopted within the ordinance which

LC004786 - Page 4 of 10

is established on the zoning map only when an application for development, meeting the zone

requirements, is approved.

      (28) Floodplains, or Flood Hazard Area. - As defined in § 45-22.2-4.

     (29) Freeboard. – A factor of safety expressed in feet above the base flood elevation of a

flood hazard area for purposes of floodplain management. Freeboard compensates for the many

unknown factors that could contribute to flood heights such as wave action, bridge openings, and

the hydrological effect of urbanization of the watershed.

      (29)(30) Groundwater. - "Groundwater" and associated terms, as defined in § 46-13.1-3.

      (30)(31) Halfway House. - A residential facility for adults or children who have been

institutionalized for criminal conduct and who require a group setting to facilitate the transition to

a functional member of society.

      (31)(32) Hardship. - See § 45-24-41.

      (32)(33) Historic District, or Historic Site. - As defined in § 45-22.2-4.

      (33)(34) Home Occupation. - Any activity customarily carried out for gain by a resident,

conducted as an accessory use in the resident's dwelling unit.

      (34)(35) Household. - One or more persons living together in a single dwelling unit, with

common access to, and common use of, all living and eating areas and all areas and facilities for

the preparation and storage of food within the dwelling unit. The term "household unit" is

synonymous with the term "dwelling unit" for determining the number of units allowed within

any structure on any lot in a zoning district. An individual household shall consist of any one of

the following:

      (i) A family, which may also include servants and employees living with the family; or

      (ii) A person or group of unrelated persons living together. The maximum number may

be set by local ordinance, but this maximum shall not be less than three (3).

      (35)(36) Incentive Zoning. - The process whereby the local authority may grant

additional development capacity in exchange for the developer's provision of a public benefit or

amenity as specified in local ordinances.

      (36)(37) Infrastructure. - Facilities and services needed to sustain residential,

commercial, industrial, institutional, and other activities.

      (37)(38) Land Development Project. - A project in which one or more lots, tracts, or

parcels of land are developed or redeveloped as a coordinated site for one or more uses, units, or

structures, including, but not limited to, planned development and/or cluster development for

residential, commercial, institutional, recreational, open space, and/or mixed uses as provided in

the zoning ordinance.

LC004786 - Page 5 of 10

      (38)(39) Lot. - Either:

      (i) The basic development unit for determination of lot area, depth, and other

dimensional regulations; or

      (ii) A parcel of land whose boundaries have been established by some legal instrument

such as a recorded deed or recorded map and which is recognized as a separate legal entity for

purposes of transfer of title.

      (39)(40) Lot Area. - The total area within the boundaries of a lot, excluding any street

right-of-way, usually reported in acres or square feet.

      (40)(41) Lot Area, Minimum. - The smallest land area established by the local zoning

ordinance upon which a use, building or structure may be located in a particular zoning district.

      (41)(42) Lot Building Coverage. - That portion of the lot that is or may be covered by

buildings and accessory buildings.

      (42)(43) Lot Depth. - The distance measured from the front lot line to the rear lot line.

For lots where the front and rear lot lines are not parallel, the lot depth is an average of the depth.

      (43)(44) Lot Frontage. - That portion of a lot abutting a street. A zoning ordinance shall

specify how noncontiguous frontage will be considered with regard to minimum frontage

requirements.

      (44)(45) Lot Line. - A line of record, bounding a lot, which divides one lot from another

lot or from a public or private street or any other public or private space and shall include:

      (i) Front: the lot line separating a lot from a street right-of-way. A zoning ordinance shall

specify the method to be used to determine the front lot line on lots fronting on more than one

street, for example, corner and through lots;

      (ii) Rear: the lot line opposite and most distant from the front lot line, or in the case of

triangular or otherwise irregularly shaped lots, an assumed line at least ten feet (10') in length

entirely within the lot, parallel to and at a maximum distance from the front lot line; and

      (iii) Side: any lot line other than a front or rear lot line. On a corner lot, a side lot line

may be a street lot line, depending on requirements of the local zoning ordinance.

      (45)(46) Lot Size, Minimum. - Shall have the same meaning as "minimum lot area"

defined herein.

      (46)(47) Lot, Through. - A lot which fronts upon two (2) parallel streets, or which fronts

upon two (2) streets which do not intersect at the boundaries of the lot.

      (47)(48) Lot Width. - The horizontal distance between the side lines of a lot measured at

right angles to its depth along a straight line parallel to the front lot line at the minimum front

setback line.

LC004786 - Page 6 of 10

      (48)(49) Mere Inconvenience. - See § 45-24-41.

      (49)(50) Mixed Use. - A mixture of land uses within a single development, building, or

tract.

      (50)(51) Modification. - Permission granted and administered by the zoning enforcement

officer of the city or town, and pursuant to the provisions of this chapter to grant a dimensional

variance other than lot area requirements from the zoning ordinance to a limited degree as

determined by the zoning ordinance of the city or town, but not to exceed twenty-five percent

(25%) of each of the applicable dimensional requirements.

      (51)(52) Nonconformance. - A building, structure, or parcel of land, or use thereof,

lawfully existing at the time of the adoption or amendment of a zoning ordinance and not in

conformity with the provisions of that ordinance or amendment. Nonconformance is of only two

(2) types:

      (i) Nonconforming by use: a lawfully established use of land, building, or structure

which is not a permitted use in that zoning district. A building or structure containing more

dwelling units than are permitted by the use regulations of a zoning ordinance is nonconformity

by use; or

      (ii) Nonconforming by dimension: a building, structure, or parcel of land not in

compliance with the dimensional regulations of the zoning ordinance. Dimensional regulations

include all regulations of the zoning ordinance, other than those pertaining to the permitted uses.

A building or structure containing more dwelling units than are permitted by the use regulations

of a zoning ordinance is nonconforming by use; a building or structure containing a permitted

number of dwelling units by the use regulations of the zoning ordinance, but not meeting the lot

area per dwelling unit regulations, is nonconforming by dimension.

      (52)(53) Overlay District. - A district established in a zoning ordinance that is

superimposed on one or more districts or parts of districts. The standards and requirements

associated with an overlay district may be more or less restrictive than those in the underlying

districts consistent with other applicable state and federal laws.

      (53)(54) Performance Standards. - A set of criteria or limits relating to elements which a

particular use or process must either meet or may not exceed.

      (54)(55) Permitted Use. - A use by right which is specifically authorized in a particular

zoning district.

      (55)(56) Planned Development. - A "land development project", as defined in § 45-24-

31(37), and developed according to plan as a single entity and containing one or more structures

and/or uses with appurtenant common areas.

LC004786 - Page 7 of 10

      (56)(57) Plant Agriculture. - The growing of plants for food or fiber, to sell or consume.

      (57)(58) Preapplication Conference. - A review meeting of a proposed development held

between applicants and reviewing agencies as permitted by law and municipal ordinance, before

formal submission of an application for a permit or for development approval.

      (58)(59) Setback Line or Lines. - A line or lines parallel to a lot line at the minimum

distance of the required setback for the zoning district in which the lot is located that establishes

the area within which the principal structure must be erected or placed.

      (59)(60) Slope of Land. - The grade, pitch, rise or incline of the topographic landform or

surface of the ground.

      (60)(61) Site Plan. - The development plan for one or more lots on which is shown the

existing and/or the proposed conditions of the lot.

      (61)(62) Special Use. - A regulated use which is permitted pursuant to the special-use

permit issued by the authorized governmental entity, pursuant to § 45-24-42. Formerly referred to

as a special exception.

      (62)(63) Structure. - A combination of materials to form a construction for use,

occupancy, or ornamentation, whether installed on, above, or below, the surface of land or water.

      (63)(64) Substandard Lot of Record. - Any lot lawfully existing at the time of adoption

or amendment of a zoning ordinance and not in conformance with the dimensional and/or area

provisions of that ordinance.

      (64)(65) Use. - The purpose or activity for which land or buildings are designed,

arranged, or intended, or for which land or buildings are occupied or maintained.

      (65)(66) Variance. - Permission to depart from the literal requirements of a zoning

ordinance. An authorization for the construction or maintenance of a building or structure, or for

the establishment or maintenance of a use of land, which is prohibited by a zoning ordinance.

There are only two (2) categories of variance, a use variance or a dimensional variance.

      (i) Use Variance. - Permission to depart from the use requirements of a zoning ordinance

where the applicant for the requested variance has shown by evidence upon the record that the

subject land or structure cannot yield any beneficial use if it is to conform to the provisions of the

zoning ordinance.

      (ii) Dimensional Variance. - Permission to depart from the dimensional requirements of

a zoning ordinance, where the applicant for the requested relief has shown, by evidence upon the

record, that there is no other reasonable alternative way to enjoy a legally permitted beneficial use

of the subject property unless granted the requested relief from the dimensional regulations.

However, the fact that a use may be more profitable or that a structure may be more valuable after

LC004786 - Page 8 of 10

the relief is granted are not grounds for relief.

      (66)(67) Waters. - As defined in § 46-12-1(23).

      (67)(68) Wetland, Coastal. - As defined in § 45-22.2-4.

      (68)(69) Wetland, Freshwater. - As defined in § 2-1-20.

      (69)(70) Zoning Certificate. - A document signed by the zoning enforcement officer, as

required in the zoning ordinance, which acknowledges that a use, structure, building, or lot either

complies with or is legally nonconforming to the provisions of the municipal zoning ordinance or

is an authorized variance or modification therefrom.

      (70)(71) Zoning Map. - The map or maps which are a part of the zoning ordinance and

which delineate the boundaries of all mapped zoning districts within the physical boundary of the

city or town.

      (71)(72) Zoning Ordinance. - An ordinance enacted by the legislative body of the city or

town pursuant to this chapter and in the manner providing for the adoption of ordinances in the

city or town's legislative or home rule charter, if any, which establish regulations and standards

relating to the nature and extent of uses of land and structures, which is consistent with the

comprehensive plan of the city or town as defined in chapter 22.2 of this title, which includes a

zoning map, and which complies with the provisions of this chapter.

      (72)(73) Zoning Use District. - The basic unit in zoning, either mapped or unmapped, to

which a uniform set of regulations applies, or a uniform set of regulations for a specified use.

Zoning use districts include, but are not limited to: agricultural, commercial, industrial,

institutional, open space, and residential. Each district may include sub-districts. Districts may be

combined.

     SECTION 2. This act shall take effect upon passage.

========

LC004786

========

LC004786 - Page 9 of 10

EXPLANATION

BY THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL

OF

A N   A C T

RELATING TO TOWNS AND CITIES - ZONING ORDINANCES

***

     This act would amend the definition of "building height" and define the term "freeboard"

in the Zoning Enabling Act to account for obstacles to construction in flood zone areas and to

encourage safe and stable design for those structures.

     This act would take effect upon passage.

========

LC004786

========

LC004786 - Page 10 of 10